tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5691009154583241512024-02-22T13:32:30.060-08:00gLObALISasi Untuk pEmBAngunanperdagangan, kewangan, bantuan, migrasi, dan polisisharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-79212970142038576422012-01-15T03:23:00.000-08:002012-01-15T03:23:21.643-08:00teknologi maklumat ekoran globalisasi<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #660000;">Pengangkutan</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVSm-WH8z3fGC_OUczYP8PPFjS0vnaluDfbhYHCrCEgTPeYWL5-85u-Yt-7zm97I4NTNU4UiQHXsZ_DiMoADOGzjrPOIgbQcnc3oSOVrNli31ys8d8epotLKEmNVyi9RhRDvZCz-PiwIZV/s1600/images+%252837%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVSm-WH8z3fGC_OUczYP8PPFjS0vnaluDfbhYHCrCEgTPeYWL5-85u-Yt-7zm97I4NTNU4UiQHXsZ_DiMoADOGzjrPOIgbQcnc3oSOVrNli31ys8d8epotLKEmNVyi9RhRDvZCz-PiwIZV/s1600/images+%252837%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #660000;"><br />
</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: purple;">Pengangkutan Jalan</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Kemunculan kenderaan bistari dalam <b>Lebuh-Raya Bersistem Automasi(LBA)</b> masa depan yang berupaya mengurangkan 1.2 juta pelanggaran setiap tahun, menyelamatkan beribu-ribu nyawa, serta menjimatkan berjuta-juta ringgit akibat kemalangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Namun isu timbul merujuk kepada penerimaan masyarakat terhadap sistem sebegini. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Seperti diketahui, komputer kadangkala gagal mengawal dan boleh cetuskan kemalangan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-bukan senang mewujudkan lebuh-raya bersistem automasi , Amerika Syarikat telah memulakan penyelidikan dan pembangunan sejak 1991 dan ia masih dalam proses. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Untuk menyokong lebuh-raya tersebut, pelbagai teknologi diperlukan untuk memandu kenderaan dan mengawal sistem lalulintas<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Sistem Pengangkutan Pintar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, sesetengah teknologi ini telah dipasarkan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<b>Kenderaan Pintar</b> diperlukan untuk membantu pengendalian kenderaan, persekitaran dan memberi amaran terhadap masalah kesesakan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Salah satu elemen kenderaan pintar adalah <b><i>Anti Lock Braking System(ABS)</i> </b>yang menghalang tayar kenderaan mengunci dirinya dalam keadaan perhentian panik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-salah satu elemen penting untuk mewujudkan LBA adalah <b>Sistem Kedudukan Global</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Dengan wujudnya sistem ini, peta tidak lagi diperlukan, sistem ini akan menentukan jalan yang paling pendek serta cepat dan memandu kenderaan anda ke destinasi yang telah ditentukan anda. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-<b>Sistem Pemanduan Kenderaan </b>telah mula dipasarkan di Amerika Syarikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Untuk lengkapkan lagi LBA, <b>Sistem Pengurusan Kesesakan</b> diperlukan untuk mengenalpasti kesesakan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Antara tahun 1985 dan 1994, bandar Lexington, Kentucky telah menggunakan sistem lalulintas berkomputer untuk mengurangkan lalulintas henti-jalan sebanyak 40% serta mengurangkan pelanggaran sebanyak 30%(Meyer, 1999).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-LBA dikritik akan memburukkan lagi masalah kesesakan dalam jangka panjang. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-LBA direkabentuk untuk mengurangkan kesesakan dengan cara mengerakkan kenderaan secara lebih padat. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-ia seakan-akan menambahkan lorong dalam lebuh-raya dan menyelesaikan masalah kesesakan dalam jangka pendek. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Secara logiknya, apabila lorong menjadi banyak, ia akan menggalakkan lebih banyak penggunaan kenderaan. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Sekiranya LBA membawa kepada pengembagan keupayaan menampung kenderaan yang tinggi maka kita akan kembali kepada masalah asal kesesakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUX3i0SMeMhI5VpoZvw1ljG-_i5pK64yzjcGKM4G1NSq3Cj3TOVB2PRKrKPHjhhtJ-nqR5vdJeY5RdbI1XE1H8AluRoWm8cNetvx-nCCfY4NbKLfKPeTmVw_46imX4-_U_G3LL7zUmLEg_/s1600/download+%25286%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUX3i0SMeMhI5VpoZvw1ljG-_i5pK64yzjcGKM4G1NSq3Cj3TOVB2PRKrKPHjhhtJ-nqR5vdJeY5RdbI1XE1H8AluRoWm8cNetvx-nCCfY4NbKLfKPeTmVw_46imX4-_U_G3LL7zUmLEg_/s200/download+%25286%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx0ndd-5yF8JiqAQjQ5r5LoxHeKagOUJP85Q9fuTPb052LgGEvgO8UVOInVVabpYgUOu_xEXvdhcPYIZQ-3IvUBFM1YzqmrzGXmDm_s8h5K0TjN1R3XIGpGR6MIIlAI1lqQkqwV9O8QptF/s1600/download+%25285%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx0ndd-5yF8JiqAQjQ5r5LoxHeKagOUJP85Q9fuTPb052LgGEvgO8UVOInVVabpYgUOu_xEXvdhcPYIZQ-3IvUBFM1YzqmrzGXmDm_s8h5K0TjN1R3XIGpGR6MIIlAI1lqQkqwV9O8QptF/s200/download+%25285%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBzEdRRBJ8YBfTGpnOHDqnoiw9vINfseH7_eGyRpVCPE1R54PR8O6xLWZ8PFow_mnxt_-BRDi9bD7z-kFDBNiCoKr_7gDQpsDU4weJT7CHsg_MG-0mL9IaNfFR79R3Vdy-kv9u7nmoI9cm/s1600/images+%252836%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBzEdRRBJ8YBfTGpnOHDqnoiw9vINfseH7_eGyRpVCPE1R54PR8O6xLWZ8PFow_mnxt_-BRDi9bD7z-kFDBNiCoKr_7gDQpsDU4weJT7CHsg_MG-0mL9IaNfFR79R3Vdy-kv9u7nmoI9cm/s1600/images+%252836%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: purple;">Pengangkutan Udara</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Sekiranya lalulintas udara terus meningkat pada kadar dewasa ini, pada tahun 2010, ia akan sampai kebarangkalian satu kemalangan utama setiap minggu. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-teknologi maklumat terutamanya komputer memainkan peranan yang penting untuk memastikan keselamatan yang lebih, berkait dengan rekabentuk, juruterbang, sistem pemanduan dan lalulintas udara (Meyer, 1999)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: purple;">Pengangkutan Laut</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-kewujudan <b>Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons(EPIRB)</b>, pelayar-pelayar dengan mudah boleh menghantar isyarat kecemasan sekiranya timbul sebarang masalah. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Kedudukan pelayar tersebut akan ditentukan melalui Sistem Kedudukan Global dan bantuan akan dihantar secepat mungkin. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Namun masalah komputer seperti Y2K boleh memberi pengaruh negatif terhadap sistem tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Kecacatan ataupun dilemma komputer boleh mencacatkan sistem kedudukan global dan menyebabkan kapal-kapal menghadapi masalah penentuan lokasi(Star, 21-8-1999).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcImO7B3mBTZ0AiayOtU3ZTWwdITGw105CVUIUMEm-dv4jI7LzBUcnQvDVrpCi0HWN4AEdtxur00csFironp4StafIccxbg88dmT6XqZNlQxgp6q7PiouFvp_-H4QZOSKBoXp0NjNBst73/s1600/images+%252838%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcImO7B3mBTZ0AiayOtU3ZTWwdITGw105CVUIUMEm-dv4jI7LzBUcnQvDVrpCi0HWN4AEdtxur00csFironp4StafIccxbg88dmT6XqZNlQxgp6q7PiouFvp_-H4QZOSKBoXp0NjNBst73/s1600/images+%252838%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div>sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-88655810052794026902012-01-15T02:43:00.001-08:002012-01-15T02:52:34.305-08:00pengaruh teknologi ke atas kehidupan<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjostBPiFXP_NNznxqaJbRh47lmV6S_ErHgkuKq6Vp-V0CCIY1nfj7t6GLD6fORvcmDk11GkgVl0DQFtbU0qS-XmtkyfvuxzCQPfkoUp25T0wq33m_et2Qikgu3awE2E_tswqTg9GdDW025/s1600/images+%252835%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjostBPiFXP_NNznxqaJbRh47lmV6S_ErHgkuKq6Vp-V0CCIY1nfj7t6GLD6fORvcmDk11GkgVl0DQFtbU0qS-XmtkyfvuxzCQPfkoUp25T0wq33m_et2Qikgu3awE2E_tswqTg9GdDW025/s1600/images+%252835%2529.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Teknologi maklumat - kaedah yang digunakan untuk memindah, <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b> -menyebar<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b> - memapar maklumat. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>-boleh wujud dalam pelbagai bentuk samada bentuk fizikal <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>-contohnya kertas dan buku, bentuk suara, paparan visual, pergerakan dll<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>-Perkembangan teknologi maklumat telah mencapai suatu tahap di mana ia mula menampakkan pengaruh tertentu di dalam kehidupan manusia terutamanya penduduk bandar.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>- Pada asalnya, teknologi ini wujud sebagai satu perantaraan untuk mengedarkan pelbagai jenis maklumat bagi tujuan yang berlainan. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>-Contohnya bagi pengiklanan, pemberitahuan, telekomunikasi dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>-Peranannya sebagai agen perubahan tidak pernah berkurang tetapi semakin bertambah lebih-lebih lagi dengan kewujudan komputer. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>- pengaruh yang lebih mendalam ke atas kehidupan manusia. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>-Contohnya penggunaan rangkaian ‘internet’ berupaya menyebabkan perubahan yang besar ke atas aspek fizikal, ekonomi dan sosial melalui globalisasi serta berkembangnya modal antarabangsa kapitalis. Teknologi maklumat akan membezakan sebuah negara maju dengan sebuah negara sedang membangun(Arun, 1999).<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"></div><ul><li><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspek fizikal yang dimaksudkan, termasuklah corak penggunaan ruang bandar, rangkaian lalulintas dan pengangkutan, ruang ‘virtual’ dan sebagainya.</span></b></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></b></li>
<li><b style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aspek sosial pula meliputi cara dan corak berinteraksi, pergerakan manusia, aktiviti manusia, cara hidup manusia, kualiti hidup manusia, taraf kesihatan manusia dan lain-lain.</span></b></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>- rangkaian ‘internet’ juga membolehkan pelbagai urusan perniagaan dijalankan secara ‘digital’ dan punyai implikasi besar terhadap proses pembandaran pada masa akan datang.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>-Salah satu kesan yang ketara adalah pergantungan kepada bekalan elektrik kerana tanpanya segala peralatan teknologi maklumat tidak dapat berfungsi, kecuali jenis yang menggunakan tenaga alternatif seperti tenaga solar, angin, ombak, biojisim dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>- Namun pergantungan yang lebih membimbangkan adalah dari segi kuasa ekonomi melalui pemindahan modal antarabangsa dalam jumlah yang besar yang mempengaruhi corak gunatanah sesebuah bandar.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>-Gunatanah kawasan bandar dipercayai akan mengalami perubahan yang ketara. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>-Misalnya lebih banyak kawasan hijau dapat dikekalkan atau dibekalkan berbanding dengan tempat letak kereta. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>-Maknanya isipadu perjalanan boleh digantikan dengan aliran elektrik atau cahaya. Ini dapat mengurangkan tahap pencemaran bandar. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>-Namun begitu, secara sosial manusia masih perlu menjalankan aktiviti tertentu yang tidak mungkin dapat digantikan oleh teknologi maklumat misalnya makan, rehat, berekreasi, bersukan dan sebagainya. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>-Perubahannya cumalah dari segi cara aktiviti tersebut dijalankan dan apakah batasan serta halangan yang wujud akibat gelombang maklumat yang mempengaruhinya.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOsGsIMifSN40aQPpPT_uFHshCE0wLoVhrpc0aqiAorr5U0ZG0kNdUsop17sdNsiFsqcGi1afIQ2HyouDKtlITMomYW5x13xOB66HJXPBtbL9r5y9IneR_A3BBDIvVXfQFsmOYQPJy4aMc/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOsGsIMifSN40aQPpPT_uFHshCE0wLoVhrpc0aqiAorr5U0ZG0kNdUsop17sdNsiFsqcGi1afIQ2HyouDKtlITMomYW5x13xOB66HJXPBtbL9r5y9IneR_A3BBDIvVXfQFsmOYQPJy4aMc/s1600/download.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAbG1Iq2IX_eY36_u8ufBBhS-VS15SjoniDnPxNegDA121XFoTlv44cHcrWiifZywgDtF5bG4FFqyeSvVxEAR4kFziB1BRxQcyIitdhYCaVoC49Aneu8H8jSajnuvBIdtJZKE-E6nzhIJ3/s1600/images+%252833%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAbG1Iq2IX_eY36_u8ufBBhS-VS15SjoniDnPxNegDA121XFoTlv44cHcrWiifZywgDtF5bG4FFqyeSvVxEAR4kFziB1BRxQcyIitdhYCaVoC49Aneu8H8jSajnuvBIdtJZKE-E6nzhIJ3/s1600/images+%252833%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-58868166176147793382012-01-14T11:15:00.000-08:002012-01-14T11:15:54.356-08:00KONSEP DAN TEORI GLOBALISASI<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" />n<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menurut Princeton N. Lyman, Felo Kanan di Institut Keamanan, Amerika Syarikat dan bekas Duta negara itu ke Afrika Selatan, globalisasi biasanya diertikan sebagai merujuk kepada “<i>rapid growth of interdependency and connection in the world of trade and finance</i>.”</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">n<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tetapi beliau sendiri berpendapat bahawa </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">globalisasi tidak boleh dihadkan kepada fenomena perdagangan dan pengaliran kewangan yang berkembang dan kian meluas. Ini kerana “<i>There are other trends driven by the same explosion of technological capability that have facilitated the financial changes. Globalization of communications is one such trend</i>.”</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">n<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam terbitan yang menjelaskan agenda penyelidikannya, Pusat Kajian Globalisasi dan Regionalisasi, Universiti Warwick, England juga menolak pengertian globalisasi yang yang terhad kepada fenomena ekonomi. Di samping itu, ia tidak dapat menerima pandangan yang mengatakan bahawa apa yang disebut globalisasi hanyalah merupakan fenomena Amerika Utara, bukannya fenomena Eropah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">n<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Insitut itu menekankan pendiriannya bahawa kefahaman tentang globalisasi mengambil pelbagai dimensi, iaitu politik, ideologi, ekonomi dan budaya. Banyak benda boleh diglobalisasikan. Antaranya, “<i>goods, services, money, people, information, effects on the international order as well as less tangible things such as ideas, behavioural norms and cultural practices</i>.”</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">n<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Selaras dengan cakupan luas fenomena globalisasi ini, CSGR mempunyai dua pandangan terhadap fenomena itu. Pertama, globalisasi dilihat sebagai satu himpunan proses. <i>Globalization is “the emergence of a set of sequences and processes that are increasingly unhindered by territorial or jurisdictional barriers and that indeed enhance the spread of trans-border practices in economic, political, cultural and social domains</i>.”</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">n<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kedua, globalisasi dilihat sebagai satu wacana. <i>Globalization is “a discourse of political and economic knowledge offering one view of how to make the post-modern world manageable</i></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">n<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">David Loy, seorang pensyarah dari Universiti Bunkyo, Jepun dan salah seorang pembentang kertas di Persidangan Globalisasi anjuran JUST melihat globalisasi sebagai “<i>a complex set of developments: economic, political, technological and cultural</i>.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">n<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Perisytiharan yang dikeluarkan di akhir Persidangan yang sama telah membuat kesimpulan berikut: “<i>Globalization refers to the interconnectedness of human activity on a global scale, to the unprecendented flows of capital and labour, technology skills, ideas and values across state and national boundaries, but in ways which neither states nor nations can adequately control</i>.”<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">n<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Akhirnya, memandangkan bahawa globalisasi ekonomi pada umumnya dianggap sebagai teras fenomena yang dinamakan globalisasi, maka ingin diturunkan di sini satu definisinya yang dikira dapat membantu kita merumuskan erti dan ciri-ciri globalisasi secara komprehensif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">PENGARUH GOBALISASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">n<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menurut Chandra, aspek positif globalisasi <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(1) peranan pelaburan asing (FDI) dalam mewujudkan pekerjaan dan mengurangkan kemiskinan di sebilangan negara,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(2) peningkatan mobiliti sosial dan pengukuhan kelas menengah,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(3) peluang yang lebih luas untuk mendapatkan maklumat dan menyebarkan ilmu pengetahuan berkat teknologi baru komunikasi dan maklumat,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(4) komunikasi yang lebuh mudah dan juga murah,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(5) peluang yang lebih luas untuk manusia dari berbagai-bagai kumpulan etnik, budaya dan agama berinteraksi,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(6) peluang lebih luas untuk menzahirkan simpati dan rasa keperimanusiaan mereka terhadap mangsa-mangsa pelbagai jenis bencana alam dan tragedi buatan manusia di seluruh dunia,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(7) penonjolan idea-ide dan amalan pemerintahan yang baik seperti pertanggungjawaban awam, peraturan undang-undang dan hak-hak asasi manusia dan akhir sekali<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (8) penonjolan hak-hak asasi kaum wanita.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">n<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">maka kita dapati bahawa sebahagian besar manfaat globalisasi adalah yang berkaitan dengan dimensi ekonomi manakala bakinya berkaitan dengan dimensi politik dan sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">n<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dari segi keburukan globalisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Kualiti alam sekitar yang semakin merosot sebagai akibat terlalu mementingkan faktor keuntungan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Pembangunan yang tidak seimbang dan jurang perbezaan ekonomi yang semakin melebar antara kawasan-kawasan di sesebuah negara dan antara sektor-sektor ekonomi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengabaian keperluan asas hidup di kalangan rakyat termiskin di banyak negara terutamanya di negara-negara Selatan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Modal jangka pendek yang keluar masuk pasaran seperti kilat sebagai akibat amalan baru yang menjadikan wang sendiri sebagai komoditi keuntungan.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengangguran yang semakin memburuk dan jurang perbezaan pendapatann yang semakin melebar di negara-negara Utara sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Penyebaran budaya pengguna yang bertentangan dengan tuntutan nilai-nilai kerohanian dan moral yang murni dan yang merendahkan martabat keinsanan manusia.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Kecenderungan ke arah pembentukan suatu budaya global yang homogen menerusi peranan yang dimainkan oleh perbadanan transnasional dan media komunikasi global.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">8. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Penyebaran budaya pop Amerika yang “menyegarkan pancaindera dan mematikan roh”.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9. Kecenderungan pusat-pusat pengajian tinggi untuk memberi keutamaan kepada kursus-kursus ilmu pengurusan dan teknik dengan mengabaikan kursus-kursus ilmu kemanusiaan dan kemasyarakat.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">10. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pembanjiran maklumat yang tidak berguna.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">11. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Amerika Syarikat dan beberapa negara Eropah memanipulasikan isu-isu demokrasi dan hak-hak asasi manusia untuk mendominasi politik dunia.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 12. Pengantarabangsaan jenayah yang menyukarkan jenayah dibendung.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 13. Pengantarabangsaan penyakit.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p>-oleh demikian globalisasi juga mempengaruhi peradaban selain memberi pengurangan dan peningkatan terhadap kemiskinan. Namun melalui keadaan ini pembangunan sering berkembang ekoran peningkatan globalisasi yang semakin pesat dan pembangunan adalah penting dalam memajukan negara dan melahirkan masyarakat dan generasi yang bermaklumat tinggi.</o:p></span></div>sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-64591853669323642962012-01-14T00:50:00.000-08:002012-01-14T10:35:55.280-08:00Faktor-faktor yang meransang globalisasi<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWFxvG514wq-eCTfrOr6D5_MKv6KltXONGTT0YbjXQY1nV7WjhwIKpyhfgvQnUNyAa_GG1YkssMNQ5M_huTvdIsImEnkDuWpmWqJsezSjg6z9VaBcop0eKafXFMShp16UTQciFjHLVg1Fq/s1600/images+%252824%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWFxvG514wq-eCTfrOr6D5_MKv6KltXONGTT0YbjXQY1nV7WjhwIKpyhfgvQnUNyAa_GG1YkssMNQ5M_huTvdIsImEnkDuWpmWqJsezSjg6z9VaBcop0eKafXFMShp16UTQciFjHLVg1Fq/s320/images+%252824%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><br />
</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b><br />
</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perkembangan/perubahan dalam teknologi:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ICT <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan dalam teknologi pengeluaran:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mass production</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">transferable technology</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suasana pasaran yang liberal:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sekatan pada paras yang minimum<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">liberalisasi dan komitmen di bawah WTO</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perjanjian-perjanjian serantau seperti EU, NAFTA dan ASEAN.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perjanjian-perjanjian Kawasan Perdagangan Bebas Duahala, seperti Singapore-New Zealand FTA.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses liberalisasi undang-undang dan peraturan domestik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWuzNC_Df3E56NJfvd1HF4Pf2j_Wwnq4ccSOO0fLnae5Fdm2XI01efCLCA_ytx3k4GuiENGkBu-SBojQrtNdqB2v5AIsoPNc3U_Dc0xmq1EoKUhA8ouXh2Qd_lzhz4pF2EElQnrpsuuuDD/s1600/images+%252825%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWuzNC_Df3E56NJfvd1HF4Pf2j_Wwnq4ccSOO0fLnae5Fdm2XI01efCLCA_ytx3k4GuiENGkBu-SBojQrtNdqB2v5AIsoPNc3U_Dc0xmq1EoKUhA8ouXh2Qd_lzhz4pF2EElQnrpsuuuDD/s1600/images+%252825%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color: lime;"><b>Faktor-faktor yang menyekat proses globalisasi</b></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekatan-sekatan tarif/ bukan tarif<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">•<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">Undang-undang dan peraturan yang menghalang kemasukan dalam pasaran domestik.</span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBa3lG94W4N8UDBuEnyFhFOn6Vo6XXOYrUzOQq87hffKLG30_XOqN9WMNHYgPM7dQoqHdj68IeXv08pA0itHUgVwe8LXffLuOVltTxgw09pqL_nI3WNqNAxUANZg5UiB5qwbpYOFsLjagh/s1600/images+%252828%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBa3lG94W4N8UDBuEnyFhFOn6Vo6XXOYrUzOQq87hffKLG30_XOqN9WMNHYgPM7dQoqHdj68IeXv08pA0itHUgVwe8LXffLuOVltTxgw09pqL_nI3WNqNAxUANZg5UiB5qwbpYOFsLjagh/s200/images+%252828%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYZ7GCIWrafFeePi-v1Qua-Z8Jss9EbR28f9-tP38heWGMK6Rx4ZK06wGy0nMjKFNMoCLwd4euPcsgTusGTSf-lY9Wu-SilgjF5FQz2WVIhJhGguSJPSUASwrfC1KSxVjlLDXUrTBImjyb/s1600/images+%252829%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYZ7GCIWrafFeePi-v1Qua-Z8Jss9EbR28f9-tP38heWGMK6Rx4ZK06wGy0nMjKFNMoCLwd4euPcsgTusGTSf-lY9Wu-SilgjF5FQz2WVIhJhGguSJPSUASwrfC1KSxVjlLDXUrTBImjyb/s200/images+%252829%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a><span style="color: #274e13; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #274e13;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #274e13;">Kesan-kesan Negatif globalisasi</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keupayaan untuk bersaing dari negara-negara yang sedang membangun:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tahap teknologi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kos yang kompetitif dari pengeluar di kalangan negara-negara maju (economies of scale)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Globalisasi telah mendorong <i>mergers and acquisition</i> oleh MNCs:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bidang automotif, kewangan, industri pengeluaran ubat-ubatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menimbulkan kuasa monopoli/oligopoly<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam sektor kewangan, globalisasi telah memberikan implikasi negatif:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">spekulasi matawang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">krisis ekonomi dan kewangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">industri belum matang<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">produk-produk baru yang tidak difahami oleh negara-negara membangun<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpnbD9KUUETc6Na9wlw1s4yTwFH2vn7shWkzZ3_jV02GSISWU_F_IFeYK1V1-pb1FUXYbhu2rpLKK2KG07C1mm4w7-9MYWwmsfnIYZLh-KRsvJDDe8SFMv4ZYWlqaI7Agp3zIjSnfysSEZ/s1600/images+%252830%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpnbD9KUUETc6Na9wlw1s4yTwFH2vn7shWkzZ3_jV02GSISWU_F_IFeYK1V1-pb1FUXYbhu2rpLKK2KG07C1mm4w7-9MYWwmsfnIYZLh-KRsvJDDe8SFMv4ZYWlqaI7Agp3zIjSnfysSEZ/s200/images+%252830%2529.jpg" width="200" /> </a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTwBvounfrtmck9FfIenHWJEXuFJbZGuVlpQwxtVEBNOQO8gfr8-4UX8ttIsUYuZ4n5llWlOdiv3SHGyELL_o0sUpw2RDxFTcnU5W1R9edyuD9dDk15Vd5IrGIziUAQcsczi_6W8kQpQSQ/s1600/images+%252827%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTwBvounfrtmck9FfIenHWJEXuFJbZGuVlpQwxtVEBNOQO8gfr8-4UX8ttIsUYuZ4n5llWlOdiv3SHGyELL_o0sUpw2RDxFTcnU5W1R9edyuD9dDk15Vd5IrGIziUAQcsczi_6W8kQpQSQ/s200/images+%252827%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><i style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><div><i style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div>Liberalisasi Perdagangan Di Peringkat Serantau</span></i><i> - ASEAN (AFTA) </i><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AFTA <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Perjanjian Rangka Kerja Penggalakan Kerjasama Ekonomi ASEAN tahun 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Program AFTA memerlukan semua negara anggota ASEAN menurunkan duti import bagi semua barangan yang diperdagangkan di rantau ke paras 0-5 peratus dan menghapuskan semua bentuk halangan bukan tarif.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEUEpi40MlMTStARUyEq6vTd5cHpmg_DiLUR4YCFjuoY2TnkflGXnTLeFADZcqtiJjKnFNi7TH5VnDXFRUCfgqH5cPIdNITwMUO2JbxVg2eDeFksxXAdxHCfRauyPWRRr9IpSFsYoEdWkE/s1600/images+%252831%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEUEpi40MlMTStARUyEq6vTd5cHpmg_DiLUR4YCFjuoY2TnkflGXnTLeFADZcqtiJjKnFNi7TH5VnDXFRUCfgqH5cPIdNITwMUO2JbxVg2eDeFksxXAdxHCfRauyPWRRr9IpSFsYoEdWkE/s200/images+%252831%2529.jpg" width="200" /> </a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBp0sD1z-GHEQCZOdSn9EgnfLaSdUVjl9_x548S29KNH0d8N7qOxomFjrkmd7jaFOJSnmui4AKsm8DyYLKi0qhG5hCj1AzAttw7bizeLi3VmcEdhf7rSSekyKP8dwBs3GIZdL8x5-0qPnR/s1600/images+%252832%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBp0sD1z-GHEQCZOdSn9EgnfLaSdUVjl9_x548S29KNH0d8N7qOxomFjrkmd7jaFOJSnmui4AKsm8DyYLKi0qhG5hCj1AzAttw7bizeLi3VmcEdhf7rSSekyKP8dwBs3GIZdL8x5-0qPnR/s200/images+%252832%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div>sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-67182486375333289242012-01-12T09:37:00.000-08:002012-01-14T10:00:23.655-08:00GLOBALISASI DAN KEMISKINAN<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0pFB_wte_29hNKdg17zI89ipMozkitpIobsmQT0BjNFIaKufnFqcBnMJWgO9dsQ_kQXMoFsfmt1NA9sF9srj2m1__9Xf40gzZA0OxyA5ve2HNQ5ZTPfPffrdMnlk3cNH7aTyhkuvw32cU/s1600/images+%252819%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0pFB_wte_29hNKdg17zI89ipMozkitpIobsmQT0BjNFIaKufnFqcBnMJWgO9dsQ_kQXMoFsfmt1NA9sF9srj2m1__9Xf40gzZA0OxyA5ve2HNQ5ZTPfPffrdMnlk3cNH7aTyhkuvw32cU/s1600/images+%252819%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Globalisasi-meningkat dalam bentuk ekonomi iaitu menerusi perdaganan dan pelaburan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">penting bag kurangkan kemiskinan dan ketidakseimbangan global<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">namun,bukan alasan untuk tidak iktiraf dalam kemajuan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pelbagai dasar yang baik dalam stabilkan negara<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">wlaubagaimanapun, kemiskinanan adalah cabaran yang paling serius dihadapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bukti ketidaksamarataan pendapatan antara bangsa mengecil sejak 30 tahun lalu apabila saiz penduduk dan kuasa beli dipertimbangkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ngara yang sangat miskin mewakili kurang daripada 8 peratus daripada penduduk dunia berbanding dengan hanya lebih 45 peratus tahun 1970.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hal demikian ekoran peluang-peluang yang dicipta oleh integrasi dengan pasaran dunia dan globalisasi telah membolehkan pertumbuhan pendapatn yang lebih kukuh, namun tidak mencukupi untuk dimanfaat semua.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kemajuan yang baru juga dibentuk di negara-negara membangun berdasarkan dasar, infrastruktur dan institusi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">integrasi ekonomi di seluruh dunia yang mana bahagian penting dalam globalisasi telah luar biasa tetapi kebanyakan kurang diiktiraf menyebabkan berlaku ketidakseimbangan global dan kemjuan terhadap kemiskianan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1cxwwLe-nAZy2wWEDx-RcfeEU1-HD5p3mNuuvmM8BIZdZu5u_1gtOPbicjq8RiR_iRXNKhRVkZF2mRYTxfkyRQ24KlIWVbKNnm0UnKW8skKxXHMIP7lqhjnfqyIvjA8stwa9kfOmoHI81/s1600/images+%252818%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1cxwwLe-nAZy2wWEDx-RcfeEU1-HD5p3mNuuvmM8BIZdZu5u_1gtOPbicjq8RiR_iRXNKhRVkZF2mRYTxfkyRQ24KlIWVbKNnm0UnKW8skKxXHMIP7lqhjnfqyIvjA8stwa9kfOmoHI81/s1600/images+%252818%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Mengukur Kemiskinan Dan Ketaksamaan</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-salah satu cara melalui perbandinagn pendapatan purata di seluruh negara namun perlu ambil kira kos hidup keran setiap negara punyai taraf hidup yang beza.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-jadi tidak masuk akal sekiranya ukuran dibandingkan dengan mata wang dolar Amerika Syarikat tanpa membuat perbezaan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-seperti Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu Sistem Akaun Negara yang dipersetujiu oleh ahli statistik dunia iaitu perlu ambilkira perbezaan dari segi kuasa belian pendapatan bukan kadar pertukaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Trek Penyimpanan Kemajuan</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-sekitar 3 billion orang hidup di negara-negara kaya yang perlahan-lahan menjadikan taraf hidup negara kaya. Ia didorong oleh pilihan dalam pembukaan perdagangan dan pelaburan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-1990-an,KDNK bagi setiap individu meningkat sebanyak 5 peratus setahun berbanding negara kaya 2 peratus<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCJU2_UG87kUzz1sDMApKsoNnr4zTS16XZitIWFFtyZDV40-L0TlY18qU67PX0nKk-TG0l4Y-NDMYvFj-qEXSqSKj_8VAF6m3UUftMer2g85_5vWbohcfrw0WYCMcb9KM9kDs0F-bPCFF5/s1600/images+%252820%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCJU2_UG87kUzz1sDMApKsoNnr4zTS16XZitIWFFtyZDV40-L0TlY18qU67PX0nKk-TG0l4Y-NDMYvFj-qEXSqSKj_8VAF6m3UUftMer2g85_5vWbohcfrw0WYCMcb9KM9kDs0F-bPCFF5/s1600/images+%252820%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #cc0000;">Bukti Perubahan</span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-kadar kemiskinan menurun<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proportion of people living on less than US$1 a day<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Region 1987 1998 </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">East Asia and the Pacific 26.6 15.3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>Excluding China 23.9 11.3</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Europe and Central Asia 0.2 5.1<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latin America and the Caribbean 15.3 15.6<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Middle East and North Africa 4.3 1.9<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">South Asia 44.9 40.0<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sub-Saharan Africa 46.6 46.3<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">World 28.3 24.0<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>Excluding China </i> <i> 28.5 26.2</i><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Preliminary. Poverty line is measured at US$1.08 a day at 1993 purchasing power parity. Source: World Bank (2001a).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-pengagihan pendapatan antarabangsa menjadi sama rata<span style="background: whitesmoke; color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-golongan miskin berkongsi keuntungan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-kualiti hidup bertambah baik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqADWROthagXwJrmw1jMJEgRurAlDNKAosoJoGxoS6NtL_u-2MzGd98vgIe-UP831w5ut3b7AV6fDL6w-Ma6T4caZ_w6bge3Lt4hpti4zB_pZmCmeOCyhWtECKEXSEAj0OleX3HwEW_7Xx/s1600/images+%252817%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqADWROthagXwJrmw1jMJEgRurAlDNKAosoJoGxoS6NtL_u-2MzGd98vgIe-UP831w5ut3b7AV6fDL6w-Ma6T4caZ_w6bge3Lt4hpti4zB_pZmCmeOCyhWtECKEXSEAj0OleX3HwEW_7Xx/s1600/images+%252817%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: purple;">DASAR-DASAR KURANGKAN KEMISKINAN</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: purple;"><br />
</span></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-berkongsi manfaat globalisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keterbukaaan kepada aliran perdagangan dan pelaburan adalah faktor utama pertumbuhan ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengurangkan halangan perdaganan dan pelburan tidak cukup menjamin pertumbuhan yang saksama<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dasar kebangsaan ynag baik, institusi dan kestabilan politik juga mampu menjana pertumbuhan negara dan kurangkan kemiskinan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">namun, kesan inflasi pada negara miskin menjadikan pertumbuhan ekonomi makro lebih buruk<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pilihan dasar yang baik<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sokongan untuk pilihan dasar yang baik dan reformasi perdagangan global adalah penting<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXW1GcxVLmpHrZ7Zpo5KnYJQdwR4K34q02EJqPvIVG_vHE3uHa1FDLGwXzXA8n5HcE1ZJheHJwkcTYg8oMIaC7AiKK6MLxWIq3uOIBGSpXa-rIxEeq39k9HMWDRUbbMHzqNjVh_MGsglz0/s1600/images+%252822%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXW1GcxVLmpHrZ7Zpo5KnYJQdwR4K34q02EJqPvIVG_vHE3uHa1FDLGwXzXA8n5HcE1ZJheHJwkcTYg8oMIaC7AiKK6MLxWIq3uOIBGSpXa-rIxEeq39k9HMWDRUbbMHzqNjVh_MGsglz0/s1600/images+%252822%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: purple;">MENGEKALKAN MOMENTUM</span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Sejak globalisasi ekonomi dipercepatkan pada abad kedua puluh, pertumbuhan pendapatan dan mengurangkan kemiskinan telah pernah berlaku sebelum ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">• Peratusan penduduk dunia dalam kemiskinan telah jatuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">• Bilangan mutlak dalam kemiskinan telah berhenti meningkat dan nampaknya telah jatuh, walaupun pertumbuhan penduduk yang berterusan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">• Ketidaksamaan telah mengecil seluruh penduduk dunia secara keseluruhannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">• Globalisasi negara-negara membangun, yang mewakili sebahagian besar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-membangunkan penduduk dunia, mengalami pertumbuhan pendapatan yang lebih cepat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">daripada negara-negara di dunia maju. Tetapi dasar-dasar negara tidak mencukupi untuk memastikan bahawa manfaat daripada pertumbuhan ini dinikmati oleh semua.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-Kemajuan yang lebih cepat dan lebih luas boleh dibuat dalam membasmi kemiskinan tegar<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan seterusnya mengurangkan ketidaksamaan jika dasar keterbukaan ekonomi dan pembaharuan (termasuk cukai, pendidikan, kesihatan dan jaring keselamatan sosial) berterusan, yang diambil oleh negara-negara membangun lebih, dan disokong oleh ekonomi perindustrian melalui bantuan pembangunan dan global reformasi perdagangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisKIipMQ-GLHjHvV2zEqRGu2dJna3MVKCVg7G6VwbfYoYuvbl0U943cL08a81Cx-eMPXI8rdOcUiVnBFxVBT5nsSvMVgW21S45Pi8Eas8_Hy6W9O232KVBCjPb8sNJmUa0daa8l6ZuCdrr/s1600/images+%252821%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisKIipMQ-GLHjHvV2zEqRGu2dJna3MVKCVg7G6VwbfYoYuvbl0U943cL08a81Cx-eMPXI8rdOcUiVnBFxVBT5nsSvMVgW21S45Pi8Eas8_Hy6W9O232KVBCjPb8sNJmUa0daa8l6ZuCdrr/s200/images+%252821%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi866ElpX377UG09OPwgu7ewo_CeHrZAtux6UFxrHXk5scGrW1xr35daivIJbu87gJjsZXrlYOXb-ce2hyphenhyphen5snHq2tyey4DsRmRvChBqq8MLrQg4_FJNwWtb2updobjcNQT7jImvfUcfa2v0/s1600/images+%252824%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi866ElpX377UG09OPwgu7ewo_CeHrZAtux6UFxrHXk5scGrW1xr35daivIJbu87gJjsZXrlYOXb-ce2hyphenhyphen5snHq2tyey4DsRmRvChBqq8MLrQg4_FJNwWtb2updobjcNQT7jImvfUcfa2v0/s200/images+%252824%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-78785112881067744072012-01-10T21:14:00.000-08:002012-01-13T21:32:21.508-08:00polisi<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3lyiRc0a2QuieFANXwGVyvSHShWaQoHSFnS8vlGyqx8JTNRl-HrtuqtgDxa6ES_camVx53KnCDmlFIJZHz_lzvCcndi5pPrJyQTL00QJABEy8OmEAhHl7GAZ76Dsn_CHlQs_4IFZKe1Hr/s1600/download+%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3lyiRc0a2QuieFANXwGVyvSHShWaQoHSFnS8vlGyqx8JTNRl-HrtuqtgDxa6ES_camVx53KnCDmlFIJZHz_lzvCcndi5pPrJyQTL00QJABEy8OmEAhHl7GAZ76Dsn_CHlQs_4IFZKe1Hr/s1600/download+%25283%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">-Globalisasi dipegang oleh kedua-dua negara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">-yang punyai dua sebab iaitu kurangkan kemiskinan dan juga penyebab kemiskinan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color: blue;">-kedua-dua proses tersebut membantu dari segi polisi :</span></b><o:p></o:p></div><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"></div><ul><li><b><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">gagal membezakan pelbagai aspek globalisasi</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">gagal mengiktirafkan bahawa kebayakan dimensi globalisasi memberi</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">potensi posif dan negative untuk hapuskan kemiskinan</span></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">gagal menangani peranan dasar dalam mempengaruhi hasil</span></b></li>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihPPGaiWz8kXLkKojKgPvAksKmU77Yh2txszMsqPp6gM_WC95zc9F9Kd5jCBhSaZzHexH4SVuH-2jPgXDSLJn7XQjW7cTng9OpF9l6jHSr5pzG3IQwc0qvZ7Ccm02TAQNi1I9-8CS5CAeg/s1600/download+%25284%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihPPGaiWz8kXLkKojKgPvAksKmU77Yh2txszMsqPp6gM_WC95zc9F9Kd5jCBhSaZzHexH4SVuH-2jPgXDSLJn7XQjW7cTng9OpF9l6jHSr5pzG3IQwc0qvZ7Ccm02TAQNi1I9-8CS5CAeg/s1600/download+%25284%2529.jpg" /></a><b><span style="color: blue;">-bercadang membawa dasar agenda bagi membantu mengurangkan kemiskinan:</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"></div><ul><li><b><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">dasar cadangan</span></b></li>
</ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->bukan sahaja menunjukkan dimensi globalisasi penting sebagai keamanan dan keselamatan, hak asasi manusia, budaya dan alam sekitar<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->tanpa dasar secara paksa iaitu campur tangan dalam pendidikan, kesihatan dan kuasa<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->memelurkan pelbagai perkara dalam tangani isu kemiskinan melalui dasar-dasar tersebut</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"></div><ul><li><b><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">tahap enakmen</span></b></li>
</ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgWN1_2uwB-Z4HS9s-IhspXNMr9FcXJnD32GZ82vnHP0xERstJ7QnrkdxPiXI5cAqC8M7sHkG98T-jTU9fREw_LUAJMCxfv8XUdxjuYvPFRZPwM29UTak4n_29uDg6_rvShHtxJTDTfDZ2/s1600/ss.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgWN1_2uwB-Z4HS9s-IhspXNMr9FcXJnD32GZ82vnHP0xERstJ7QnrkdxPiXI5cAqC8M7sHkG98T-jTU9fREw_LUAJMCxfv8XUdxjuYvPFRZPwM29UTak4n_29uDg6_rvShHtxJTDTfDZ2/s1600/ss.jpg" /></a><b><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->dasar boleh digubal melalui:</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->global<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->serantau<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->nasional<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->tempatan atau masyarakat<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->sebagai contoh :</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->jika pengurangan subsidi negara maju terhadap barangan pertanian sebagai hala rundingan perdagangan di bawah WTO menyebabkan perubahan dasar global<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->jika isu perjanjian serantau visa sementara kepada pekerja-pekerja menyebabkan perubahan dasar serantau<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->jika melibatkan diri dalam usaha mempastikan pendidikan rendah yng universal menyebabkan penggubalan dasar kebangsaan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->jika masyarakat tempatan bertujuan mengurangkan pencemaran atau insentif untuk kanak-kanak menghadiri sekolah ditingkatkan menyebabkan dasar tempatan menyumbang kepada pelaburan<o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->semua peringkat berpotensi dalam kurangkan kemiskinan dalam masyarakat global.</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"></div><ul><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimRbAObcKkTcnaUfu4eTtzSZ0xUHP1z6w4a7F2DYOTHbtdENEW_6XVMEs373HPfBX0j2FReV16MsKkC4Jkssy6pboj4dVMZ7mBUtSUGKZXkM3g14rG3R1cLjYCd8tuNgIpUve89F9KgkhX/s1600/images+%252815%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimRbAObcKkTcnaUfu4eTtzSZ0xUHP1z6w4a7F2DYOTHbtdENEW_6XVMEs373HPfBX0j2FReV16MsKkC4Jkssy6pboj4dVMZ7mBUtSUGKZXkM3g14rG3R1cLjYCd8tuNgIpUve89F9KgkhX/s1600/images+%252815%2529.jpg" /></a>
<li><b><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">interaksi peringkat pembuat dasar</span></b></li>
</ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->perlu berinteraksi dengan cara yang penting<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->sebagai contoh:</span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="hps">bagunkan perbankan yang berkesan sistem kawal selia bagi menyokong liberalisasi yang dapat tingkatkan perdagangan dalam perkhidmatan kewangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"></div><ul><li><b><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">globalisasi dan pembentukan dasar</span></b></li>
</ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><o:p></o:p></b><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Dakwaan yang dibuat olehFriedman<br />
(2000), bahawa globalisasi meletakkan negara membuat dasar kebolehan dalaman “golden straightjackets”<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Globalisasi tidak menimbulkan kekangan,tetapi<br />
ia juga memberikan peluang. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #741b47;"><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Dasar masih perkara-perkara untuk pembasmian kemiskinan, dan<br />
ia satu perkara yang besar. <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="color: #741b47;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Sebagai contoh: </span><o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->kerajaan masih boleh cukai dan kemudian menghabiskan<br />
pendapatan <o:p></o:p></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><span style="color: #741b47; font-family: Wingdings;">v</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->keberkesanan yang mereka lakukan satu perkara yang pentingkepada<br />
orang miskin dunia.</b><o:p></o:p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK6AgCn1JiIYODYWJcIS97ZACv-F-QOQaU_o8BN_Glgh4zQqLKQ82tj56hyjOkIOVeZQFVvbGQhb2mPMRAYV2hTxU6T3CVA29079Csj0u2trJ1AgJDLAXtlmqBrQzGCv57yMr1ieKOmSuF/s1600/images+%252816%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK6AgCn1JiIYODYWJcIS97ZACv-F-QOQaU_o8BN_Glgh4zQqLKQ82tj56hyjOkIOVeZQFVvbGQhb2mPMRAYV2hTxU6T3CVA29079Csj0u2trJ1AgJDLAXtlmqBrQzGCv57yMr1ieKOmSuF/s1600/images+%252816%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><b><br />
</b></div>sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-4879422949701873362012-01-05T12:11:00.000-08:002012-01-13T12:47:52.610-08:00Idea<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhepFJQ0GtT5Ke75x_7pmdpAQHwenbP0U9MVJVsxZNCWRcbpgdlcAsHKCyTP1mznoFVgyNwgHAe77Bo_zTzYYa8ZZRDfZFHPXBp6kPsY5AA4VZT8h89YGbxJ-pFRF7jbXYygwet_1OQz-tI/s1600/images+%25289%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhepFJQ0GtT5Ke75x_7pmdpAQHwenbP0U9MVJVsxZNCWRcbpgdlcAsHKCyTP1mznoFVgyNwgHAe77Bo_zTzYYa8ZZRDfZFHPXBp6kPsY5AA4VZT8h89YGbxJ-pFRF7jbXYygwet_1OQz-tI/s1600/images+%25289%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>-Pelbagai perkara dibincangkan dalam globalisasi iaitu perdagangan,kewangan,migrasi dan lain-lain<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>-Seterusnya adalah berkaitan idea<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>-Dalam dimensi globalisasi, ekonomi adalah berkeupayaan dalam meningkatkan pembangunan sesebuah negara.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivD2IRpPfO7PYDmaEcEIss9xv_AMRbI1YqhPdoDVZRTEJJ7u75b8vpWjY13q3uFOdvfh76hOop8ZMjfc6vbO_iQwH3tH9DfHtyiJH0AA_TzpJM2iSEr0ODArX6-rcRUf9xNxbNGEIAci22/s1600/images+%252812%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivD2IRpPfO7PYDmaEcEIss9xv_AMRbI1YqhPdoDVZRTEJJ7u75b8vpWjY13q3uFOdvfh76hOop8ZMjfc6vbO_iQwH3tH9DfHtyiJH0AA_TzpJM2iSEr0ODArX6-rcRUf9xNxbNGEIAci22/s1600/images+%252812%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>-Seterusnya adalah tumpuan terhadap idea yang juga berperanan dalam pembangunan globalisasi<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>-Idea melibatkan penjanaan intelek dan ilmu yang memberi kesan terhadap pengeluaran, perkhidmatan, organisasi dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>-Idea adalah pengaruh yang kuat dalam globalisasi<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>-Percampuran idea dapat mempengaruhi pembangunan dan juga kehidupan masyarakat sama ada positif mahupun negatif <o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>-Cabaran utama dalam negara kemiskinan adalah idea yang tidak dijana dalam sektor ekonomi atau perindustrian menyababkan wujudnya jurang kemiskinan<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>-Idea buruk-punca penjanaan idea tidak dilakukan dengan baik<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>-Memberi kesan negatif kepada negara, namun melalui idea juga pembangunan boleh dirancang kembali<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>-Dalam tajuk ini,idea adalah penting dalam pembangunan bagi mencapai kesamaan taraf dan mengurangkan kemiskinan.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>-Keadaan ini berkaitan dengan :<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX45-S2A6h1fbHB698MxPW5EnyG_LGB9TPfLre5QnF7KYFP-zqV43-726At1d1WKOQqRai5I5V8c-9a0gxVzGN-hsErRdyzJO288S8pOR34pqeDfyk8fObledUM3gHw97T2wYajm0QXh1h/s1600/images+%25288%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX45-S2A6h1fbHB698MxPW5EnyG_LGB9TPfLre5QnF7KYFP-zqV43-726At1d1WKOQqRai5I5V8c-9a0gxVzGN-hsErRdyzJO288S8pOR34pqeDfyk8fObledUM3gHw97T2wYajm0QXh1h/s1600/images+%25288%2529.jpg" /></a></div><ul><li><b style="color: #4c1130; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>cara mengurus pengetahuan yang baik</b></li>
<li><b style="color: #4c1130; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>intelektual yang tinggi</b></li>
<li><b style="color: #4c1130; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>idea tentang pasaran,institusi dan negara</b></li>
<li><b style="color: #4c1130; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>idea pertumbuhan ekonomi</b></li>
<li><b style="color: #4c1130; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span>pembangunan sebagai pembelajaran</b></li>
</ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b>-Situasi ini dalam menjana ilmu berkaitan pembangunan negara bagi melahirkan negara yang bukan sahaja membangun dari segi ekonomi dan teknologi malahan pengetahuan dan intelektual atau idea yang dimiliki.</b></span><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipbRzv2DAQ3uOgY5FEecVSAEckfdQI6n5maHmO8wtZU3yDqILoVJUcUUGGYJLnDchnueyamg_6uwI03KJKeBDCMN8fNIc2Xx2ap6EuqNTB5PFIlT3HLj0hn3dXZtp6bfH5C3ca4OuTlZ2m/s1600/images+%252810%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipbRzv2DAQ3uOgY5FEecVSAEckfdQI6n5maHmO8wtZU3yDqILoVJUcUUGGYJLnDchnueyamg_6uwI03KJKeBDCMN8fNIc2Xx2ap6EuqNTB5PFIlT3HLj0hn3dXZtp6bfH5C3ca4OuTlZ2m/s320/images+%252810%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfZ60WFz_BhGauRzMu9hszwLrndFgr7hVG1Z81db0g16uMQYFgJPmN8phqbzXXhFWg6cc2TNkYC7cdj3xZ3DspVktqTNiHbWj3EFhhw-Km85hMW-w4QlnXRZKV3HvKm1T_cSn240i6hQSE/s1600/images+%252811%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfZ60WFz_BhGauRzMu9hszwLrndFgr7hVG1Z81db0g16uMQYFgJPmN8phqbzXXhFWg6cc2TNkYC7cdj3xZ3DspVktqTNiHbWj3EFhhw-Km85hMW-w4QlnXRZKV3HvKm1T_cSn240i6hQSE/s200/images+%252811%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpcNEKVfEiQ70V52OtMc76BIwYO3XHbSrX2EII36MGyOenGkQ5tqMjN4hw8WBG7WUZ4HCy4AP96isIq9B893PA_dYVzrjRQC2kGDTxC64Hs1lZYvtapuoAuILqx7aY9dOebqk_YV2DjAX4/s1600/images+%252813%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpcNEKVfEiQ70V52OtMc76BIwYO3XHbSrX2EII36MGyOenGkQ5tqMjN4hw8WBG7WUZ4HCy4AP96isIq9B893PA_dYVzrjRQC2kGDTxC64Hs1lZYvtapuoAuILqx7aY9dOebqk_YV2DjAX4/s200/images+%252813%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b><br />
</b></span></div>sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-84609898073573633202011-12-27T01:11:00.000-08:002012-01-13T11:30:21.692-08:00Migrasi<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbufKE9ImGqz8ziIUiQ8w2aA7m0vbp-NMxoWBwydNQhyphenhyphenTkQRa4zPT07B9E-B8zNWiBxZA1eyZaXTLy-lCgnnjSbGrJ5XQqpbB0lFN_7nskMJiS0ftoc58eM8baWMZc593eeUXpEeKuWQCI/s1600/download+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbufKE9ImGqz8ziIUiQ8w2aA7m0vbp-NMxoWBwydNQhyphenhyphenTkQRa4zPT07B9E-B8zNWiBxZA1eyZaXTLy-lCgnnjSbGrJ5XQqpbB0lFN_7nskMJiS0ftoc58eM8baWMZc593eeUXpEeKuWQCI/s1600/download+%25282%2529.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-Sejarah menunjukkan aliran migrasi antarabangsa<br />
<br />
-iaitu perpindahan masyarakat miskin ke negara kaya yang menawarkan pelbagai produk dan pekerjaan<br />
<br />
-dapat meningkatkan pembelajaran, pengalaman dan kemudahan teknologi<br />
<br />
-penghijrahan yang berlaku anatara masyarakat pemburu dan pertanian<br />
<br />
-penerimaan negara destinasi perlu selaras bagi mengelakkan berlaku jenayah<br />
<br />
-sekiranya negara destinasi mentapkan cukai yang tinggi meyebabkan berlaku kemasukkan pendatang asing dan pemerdagangan manusia<br />
<br />
-negara yang berhijrah juga perlu menjaga tatatertib bagi memberi peluang kepada mereka untuk berhijrah dan diterima oleh negara destinasi<br />
<br />
-memberi faedah kepada kedua2 negara dan megurangkan jurang kemiskinan<br />
<br />
-globalisasi menjadikan sesebuah negara membangun dari segi berlakunya migrasi.<br />
<br />
-berlaku nye kemasukan asing dan menyebabkan terkorban sekiranya kerjasama antara negara tidak berlaku.<br />
<br />
-selain itu, jenayah juga akan semakin berleluasa sekiranya negara destinasi tidak membantu golongan pendatang negara luar dan mentapkan cukai masuk yang tinggi kadarannya.<br />
<br />
-kerjasama adalah penting dalam sesebuah negara bagi mempastikan negara aman dan mengelakan perpercahan. sakali gus mambantu negara miskin untu membangun pada masa akan datang dan emmberi faedah kepada negara maju dari segi tenaga manusia atau buruh dan sumber2 yang diperlukan.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Aliran Tipologi Migrasi Antarabangsa Kontemporari<br />
<br />
-wujudkan undang2 aliran migrasi<br />
<br />
-mengikut kemahiran tinggi rendah dan sederhana bagi pengawalan yang berlebihan<br />
<br />
-peneroka tetap -iaitu penghijrahan ke sesebuah kawasan yang lain adalah bertujuan untuk menetap dikawasan tersebut dan hanya beberapa buah negara sahaja yg memberi kewarganegaraan terhadap warga asing<br />
<br />
-migran ekonomi -menjaga kepentingan negara dan mencari pendatang ekonomi yang berkemahiran dan pnyai ciri-ciri sosio-ekonomi yang dimiliki untuk kekal berkediaman di negara mereka spt Australia, Canada dan New Zealand.<br />
<br />
-migran keluarga -penetapan ahli keluarga di kawasan tersebut yang telah diberi kepentingan ekonomi, perlindungan dan sebagainya kemudian ingin menaja ahli keluarga untuk berhijrah ke kawasan tersebut. Hal demikian berlaku rantaian migran keluarga<br />
<br />
-pegawai-pegawai dagang yang berkemahiran -negara maju menggunakan program yang berkemahiran kepada para migran iaitu untuk mengisi peluang kerja yang dijalankan. Sabagai contoh, India telah menguasai pasaran antarabangsa kemahiran yang berkaitan dengan teknologi komputer.<br />
<br />
-persaingan antara pegawai dagang berkemahiran -ramai yang berkemahiran sama ada dari para migran mahupun penduduk setempat menyebabkan berlaku persaingan. Namun, keadaan demikian membolehkan negara maju meningkatkan penawaran terhadap program-program yang dapat memberi potensi yang sangat mahir dan sekali gus memberi pulangan yang lumayam kepada ekonomi negara maju.<br />
<br />
-visa dagang kemahiran tinggi sebagai laluan untuk dapatkan kediaman tetap -program meningkat dan penghijrahan semakin tinggi<br />
<br />
-pegawai dagang yang berkemahiran rendah -berusaha menarik golongan ini untuk mendapatkan kemahiran yang baik dari segi program yang dijalankan serta sumber yang mencukupi.melalui sistem pendidikan yang baik dapat menjadikan golongan ini akan berpindah dari berpendapatan rendah kepada sederhana dan dapat meningkatkan pendapatan perkapita mereka.<br />
<br />
-pegawai dagang di negara pengeksport minyak Timur Tengah berkemahiran rendah<br />
<br />
-pegawai dagang di negara Asia Timur juga golongan berkemahiran rendah<br />
<br />
-penyalahgunaan dan eksploitasi golongan migran yang berkemahiran rendah<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV2JzxR_C4BowAOM4re3GwtcP88e6lboOLdhlXt8Aqf2yvAaTwKhtiuI4eY8eC2UEs05Iw-mHfbQLUbd5s6I28cJMNz95C458V7O95PNCv5xBIEnoyNcPJhBe_KVMhFjxPFheL6pL8iDmM/s1600/images+%25287%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV2JzxR_C4BowAOM4re3GwtcP88e6lboOLdhlXt8Aqf2yvAaTwKhtiuI4eY8eC2UEs05Iw-mHfbQLUbd5s6I28cJMNz95C458V7O95PNCv5xBIEnoyNcPJhBe_KVMhFjxPFheL6pL8iDmM/s1600/images+%25287%2529.jpg" /></a></div>sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-34603805353684274172011-12-24T11:12:00.000-08:002012-01-13T11:22:54.293-08:00Bantuan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkCoLEUKQTFsXIcFrfqzcVJuIGSYnkqNqKDSJrsCVkVf7XGbIY_Cj4AXndH7FVCOBvx1D0WbYXjenarBYt1f6hbFvVseBkKKBdb47y2Ro1Z8nPm4v4hZKLXANlirdPexKELHOJVSxOy6t/s1600/images+%25286%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjkCoLEUKQTFsXIcFrfqzcVJuIGSYnkqNqKDSJrsCVkVf7XGbIY_Cj4AXndH7FVCOBvx1D0WbYXjenarBYt1f6hbFvVseBkKKBdb47y2Ro1Z8nPm4v4hZKLXANlirdPexKELHOJVSxOy6t/s1600/images+%25286%2529.jpg" /></a></div><br />
-Bantuan juga mempunyai perkaitan dalam perbincangan globalisasi kerana ia dapat membantu negara-negara kurang membangun.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-bantuan amat penting dalam menjalankannya dan mula memberi bantuan kepada negara2<br />
<br />
-cth : Afghanistan yang menerima jumlah bantuan yang besar<br />
<br />
-Kemudian, bantuan mula meningkat dari segi kuantiti dan kualiti<br />
<br />
-meliputi dua bahagian:<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBT3u7n-HeeNPRqLER5F7mLLXaXwK10noJjstlhOWrvzaJRmZ3j3R5EonSVetOTkQ8eYo_sdpFKoD3y1HiyjjP-2w1x75FRXec8W9s2MALhZxHUzcuyCW6ZOT8XwV-XK-Q7K5KRSpKEfqN/s1600/download+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBT3u7n-HeeNPRqLER5F7mLLXaXwK10noJjstlhOWrvzaJRmZ3j3R5EonSVetOTkQ8eYo_sdpFKoD3y1HiyjjP-2w1x75FRXec8W9s2MALhZxHUzcuyCW6ZOT8XwV-XK-Q7K5KRSpKEfqN/s1600/download+%25281%2529.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>1. kewangan<br />
-berlakunya pemindahan wang tunai ke negara lain yang bertujuan menyokong program-program supaya lebih berkesan serta yang kekurangan modal. Sumber ini adalah melibatkan anatarabangsa dan selalunya diperoleh daripada Bank Negara.<br />
<br />
2. Bukan kewangan<br />
- Bantuan yang diberikan selain wang atau dan seperti bantuan jentera, peralatan,kemudahan teknologi, nasihat,teknikal dan lain-lain dalam membantu negara-negara membangun menjalankan aktiviti mereka.<br />
<br />
<b>sejarah aliran bantuan</b><br />
<b>-</b>ia telah bermula pada dulu kalanya, sama ada dari segi sejarah bantuan moden mahupun penjajahan yang berlaku. Hal demikian, rangsangan serta eksploitasi yang telah dilakukan terhadap negara jajahan adalah merangkumi ekonomi,iaitu ekploitasi hasilan negara jajahan, sediakan modal pelaburan dan bantuan teknikal di negara tersebut.<br />
<br />
-selain itu, negara-negara jajahan menerima perubahan atau pembangunan yenag telah dibina oleh penjajah sperti jalan keretapi yang mengeluarkan hasilan bijh, terusan suez dan lain-lain bagi memudahkan jalan perantaraan dan perdagangan kepada merekan, namun penghasilan tersebut membantu negara jajahan dalam sistem kemudahan dan pembangunan.<br />
<br />
-jadual yang menunujukkan bantuan asing dalam pembangunan sejarah...<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px;"><b><span style="font-family: Jokerman; font-size: 12pt;">TABLE 5.2 Developments in the History of Foreign Aid</span></b><span style="font-family: Jokerman; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 29.65pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 29.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Decade<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 29.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dominant or<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">rising institutions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 29.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Donor ideology<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 29.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Donor focus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 29.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Types of aid<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 40pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1940s<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Marshall Plan,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bretton Woods,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">and UN system<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Planning<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Reconstruction<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Program assistance<o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 40pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1950s<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">United States,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">with USSR<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anti- or pro-<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Communist, building<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">regime capacity<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Community<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">development<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Food aid and<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">project-based<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">financing<o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 40pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1960s<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bilateral programs<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Anti- or pro-<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Communist, building<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">regime capacity<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Productive sectors<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(e.g., Green Revolution),<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">infrastructure<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Technical assistance,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">budgetary<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">support<o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 53.5pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 53.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1970s<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 53.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Expansion of multilaterals<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(World<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bank and IMF)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 53.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Building state<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">capacity, fulfilling<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">basic needs<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 53.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Poverty and basic<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">needs<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 53.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Import support<o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 35.5pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 35.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1980s<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 35.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nongovernmental<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">organizations<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 35.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Structural<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">adjustment<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 35.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Macroeconomic<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">reform<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 35.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Program-based,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">debt relief<o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 40pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1990s<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Eastern Europe<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">and Ex-USSR as<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">recipients<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Structural adjustment,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">then state<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">capacity<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Macroeconomic<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">reform and<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">institutions<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Human development<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">and sectorfocused<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">assistance<o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 40pt;"><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-image: initial; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 54.9pt;" valign="top" width="73"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2000s<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Security and G-8<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">agenda<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">MDGs<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Aid effectiveness,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">partnership,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">coherence<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Results measurement,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">governance,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">post conflict<o:p></o:p></span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: initial; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: initial; height: 40pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Budget support,<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">global programs<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(e.g., HIV/AIDS)<o:p></o:p></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Source: </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Adapted from Hjertholm and White 2000.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px;"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Note: </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">MDGs are Millennium Development Goals.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJqLSBaPkioDFmBQG5GxmW3H_lBgZdjCbLAlsqo0hWKnZmJ6eRr6YkemQ5aWsJxZUiv5EbdNZqQd6tQQb0y99oZZrJLc-WJYmTsL5eq6nF4HlLWMF3y2PAcuNUCFQJ4Kv3OqeKVvcqAMGU/s1600/images+%25285%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJqLSBaPkioDFmBQG5GxmW3H_lBgZdjCbLAlsqo0hWKnZmJ6eRr6YkemQ5aWsJxZUiv5EbdNZqQd6tQQb0y99oZZrJLc-WJYmTsL5eq6nF4HlLWMF3y2PAcuNUCFQJ4Kv3OqeKVvcqAMGU/s200/images+%25285%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2W45fr_nzcSgjgQOJjyLu7xPxi-APsvS2b-3h_uHFhlbvQeO3wsv7oGgWJ3I8k8Fs4jsA60d5UrP1e0qiD0IkNtqmM-trdb009QMConuTl7wAPoficu8-QIfR_8hEr8TmNWr3xvCbdir-/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2W45fr_nzcSgjgQOJjyLu7xPxi-APsvS2b-3h_uHFhlbvQeO3wsv7oGgWJ3I8k8Fs4jsA60d5UrP1e0qiD0IkNtqmM-trdb009QMConuTl7wAPoficu8-QIfR_8hEr8TmNWr3xvCbdir-/s200/download.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-5638859823166322722011-12-23T20:58:00.000-08:002012-01-13T11:10:55.277-08:00Perdagangan<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6yAXw34OilNmUI5vdqnZoAAHjoCup_kZ-U6_J9kgTwsZHShebbTQgofeHq4F-vI5HKG_0Yw2WK4lUuP3BxDFvXHcLSMo8JpUmP8iwLDNYSoPEIN3gQo5i6QkwU_bGp1RbMbXsr8myA39/s1600/images+%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6yAXw34OilNmUI5vdqnZoAAHjoCup_kZ-U6_J9kgTwsZHShebbTQgofeHq4F-vI5HKG_0Yw2WK4lUuP3BxDFvXHcLSMo8JpUmP8iwLDNYSoPEIN3gQo5i6QkwU_bGp1RbMbXsr8myA39/s1600/images+%25282%2529.jpg" /></a></div><br />
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Globalisasi yang sering dikaitkan dengan kemiskinan. Namun demikian, kemiskinan juga dapat dikurangkan melalui globalisasi dan ia bergantung kepada perubahan-perubahan yang berlaku di sesebuah negara. Perdagangan adalah cara atau langkah yang dapat mengurangkan kemiskinan melalui perbincangan buku ini iaitu dari segi perkembangan pasaran. Setelah sesebuah negara miskin menjalankan perdagangan ia akan mewujudkan pasaran yang baik serta hubungan antarabangsa. Peningkatan yang berterusan akan dapat memperkembangkan negara mundur. Selain itu, kewujudan pasaran di negara mereka dapat mewujudkan peluang pekerjaan yang saling bergantungan antara satu sama lain serta pengangguran semakin berkurang. Perdagangan adalah hubungan antarabangsa sama ada melalui pengeksportan mahupun pengimportan negara-negara membangun dan negara maju. Kewujudan akses pasaran yang baru dapat menggalakkan persaingan serta keadaan ini boleh membantu pengimportan idea-idea dari negara lain serta teknologi yang lebih canggih dalam menigkatkan produktiviti mereka. Sehubungan itu, peningkatan akan semakin berkembang melalui perdagangan. Hal demikian berlaku meliputi aspek-aspek berikut:<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWgwkmK7IJllTcFWf6U8846f52Ul6LEVDZpfqndeMGfM8m3wrN-yhREtNXJh5ZRRAzh2U_mNckFXUBfvFK8Iydgxczr4dKIg7kQ8poDDvMf7O-V7c7D0FJxJzc8XCnaJri5hNrwqgT9Nu-/s1600/images+%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWgwkmK7IJllTcFWf6U8846f52Ul6LEVDZpfqndeMGfM8m3wrN-yhREtNXJh5ZRRAzh2U_mNckFXUBfvFK8Iydgxczr4dKIg7kQ8poDDvMf7O-V7c7D0FJxJzc8XCnaJri5hNrwqgT9Nu-/s1600/images+%25283%2529.jpg" /></a></div><br />
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Perdagangan Antarabangsa dan Impak Kemiskinan<br />
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Perdagangan yang dijalankan melibat aktiviti eksport, keadaan in dapat membantu apabila menyokong intensif buruh, modal insan iaitu dari segi kesihatan dan pendidikan di negara-negara miskin atau membangun. Selain itu, proses eksport juga akan dapat memberi pembelajaran teknologi yang baik kepada pekerja dalam menghasilkan barangan atau perkhidmatan mereka. Namun demikian, ia juga bergantung kepada eksport harga dan perkembangan yang berlaku dalam mengurangkan kemiskinan di negara tersebut.<br />
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Pertandingan<br />
<br />
Pertandingan yang berlaku adalah melalui persaingan antara negara. Eksport barangan dan perkhidmatan akan meningkatkan harga berdasarkan cukaian yang dikenakan dan ia menggalakkan persaingan antara negara. Pertandingan yang berlaku dalam perdagangan melalui:<br />
<br />
a) Peningkatan produktiviti (eksport)<br />
-pengeksportan yang berlaku dan perkembangannya di negara miskin akan menaiktarafkan teknologi di<br />
negra tersebut serta pembelajaran dalam perdagangan. Di samping itu, ia dapat meningkatkan pendapatan<br />
negara melalui penghasilan barangan yang baik serta harga barangan yang telah dieskport ke luar.<br />
<br />
b) Peningkatan produtiviti (import)<br />
-Produktiviti yang semakin meningkat membolehkan negara-negara miskin atau membangun mengimport dari negra luar iaitu penggunaan teknologi yang baru, mesin dan pekerja-pekerja mahir dalam mengekalkan daya saing yang baik.<br />
<br />
Kesihatan dan keselamatan<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>Kepentingan kesihatan di negara-negara membangun perlu diutamakan dalam memberi tenga dan keselamatan kepada penduduk. Dengan kesihatan yang lengkap dapat menjana tenaga-tenga buruh yang baik serta menghasilkan produktiviti yang lebih tinggi nilaiannya. Melalui perdagangan ini dapat mengksport ubat-ubatan serta produk kesihatan dari negara-negara maju. Oleh demikian, kesihatan lebih meningkat di negara mereka.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ6v9nuT1kO8Fa9gFU_Cf98GY8lV-Hv09wK7LvXVCeBtlgwvv1WAyu9MrpSZsXcgPRPf2m0nKbPPOlZiocQzxurxdDOT5g7TTZ1_cIdj44ZNRMsFqNISA4zs691VujqN3vlg0Rsa0xf06W/s1600/images+%25284%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ6v9nuT1kO8Fa9gFU_Cf98GY8lV-Hv09wK7LvXVCeBtlgwvv1WAyu9MrpSZsXcgPRPf2m0nKbPPOlZiocQzxurxdDOT5g7TTZ1_cIdj44ZNRMsFqNISA4zs691VujqN3vlg0Rsa0xf06W/s1600/images+%25284%2529.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Keseluruhannya, perdagangan dapat membantu mengurangkan kemiskinan dari beberapa aspek. Kehidupan yang terjamin di sesebuah negara adalah kelengkapan pembangunan yang baik sama ada dari segi kesihatan, pendidikan, teknologi dan banyak lagi. Pengaruh globalisasi yang meluas bukan sahaja memberi kesan negatif serta mewujudkan jurang kemiskinan namun juga membantu mengurangkan kemiskinan berdasarkan pengaplikasian yang baik dan terancang dalam sesebuah pembangunan.sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-26230023682548586142011-12-20T10:41:00.000-08:002012-01-13T10:58:03.090-08:00Kewangan<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1w84f8XmWK6IHDjbFFbtJ5igcLBsJMpm5FWX0MoBdIf212gvW2GqBmTQbqBR3pSofbBtIehEyLicxfsXrtU6liMDU-ZKeIY5-i-ZMi3MZngU9J4_WBqD5DYqhuXsoX_nzFvxgEhyphenhyphenfI8yw/s1600/images+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1w84f8XmWK6IHDjbFFbtJ5igcLBsJMpm5FWX0MoBdIf212gvW2GqBmTQbqBR3pSofbBtIehEyLicxfsXrtU6liMDU-ZKeIY5-i-ZMi3MZngU9J4_WBqD5DYqhuXsoX_nzFvxgEhyphenhyphenfI8yw/s1600/images+%25281%2529.jpg" /></a><span style="color: red;"><b><br />
</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b><br />
</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b><br />
</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>Dalam dunia pembangunan, kewangan adalah penting dalam membentuknya. Sumber kewangan yang diperoleh dapat mengurangkan kemiskinan dan membangunkan negara. </b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b><br />
</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>Kewangan penting dari segi :</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>- sumbangan pelaburan</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>-pertumbuhan</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>-kewangan pembangunan</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>-kurangkan kemiskinan</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b><br />
</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>Kewangan yang diperolehi sesebuah negara melaului aliran modal dan imbangan pembayaran.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b><br />
</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>Cara-cara untuk mengaplikasikan aliran modal iaitu :</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b><br />
</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>-pelaburan langsung asing</b></span><br />
<br />
<ul><li><b style="color: red;">menyediakan kewangan</b></li>
<li><b style="color: red;">menggalakkan perdagangan</b></li>
<li><b style="color: red;">menyumbangkan teknologi kepada negara membangun </b><b style="color: red;">bantuan</b></li>
</ul><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>-portfolio pelaburan ekuiti</b></span><br />
<br />
<ul><li><b style="color: red;">sama dengan pelaburan langsung asing</b></li>
<li><b style="color: red;">berbeza dalam pegangan saham</b></li>
<li><b style="color: red;">pelaburan yg dilakukan atas sebab-sebab portfolio dan bukan pengurusan</b></li>
</ul><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>-bon kewangan</b></span><br />
<br />
<ul><li><b style="color: red;">juga dikenali terbitan hutang</b></li>
<li><b style="color: red;">melibatkan risiko</b></li>
<li><b style="color: red;">sama dengan portfolio pelaburan ekuiti</b></li>
</ul><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>-bank pinjaman komersial</b></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5RehKT98X04ysIooJ-Jury3pqSk1BaUi6OVt9Q33VND1XAVT-wweYc10OCglbtUlFx7d9Ysn02gJABKNpsXnm8weDFkA2ipAl64W_PaspmmDOuEA7yiGuUdz14Y_IjCMRznKJzLTTA9Xi/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5RehKT98X04ysIooJ-Jury3pqSk1BaUi6OVt9Q33VND1XAVT-wweYc10OCglbtUlFx7d9Ysn02gJABKNpsXnm8weDFkA2ipAl64W_PaspmmDOuEA7yiGuUdz14Y_IjCMRznKJzLTTA9Xi/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div><ul><li><b style="color: red;">bentuk hutang dan berbeza dgn bon kewangan (tdk melibatkan aset)</b></li>
<li><b style="color: red;">dalam bentuk pinjaman bank</b></li>
<li><b style="color: red;">berperanan dalam krisis kewangan</b></li>
</ul><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>-impak aliran modal</b></span><br />
<br />
<ul><li><b style="color: red;">proses kewangan dalam pembagunan secara keseluruhan</b></li>
</ul><div><span style="color: red;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSvjOuzO_nmHRO6fYlfdYqr5lwop6YEl859EpIKfuxPJ_kw9ddQc1JBJyZ9bhyRELMb_MJ_SeQdxlPmLNNxStCfvcWrCmFLDNTMuBGG5HArr10fosGCpjaz9QXEQCZ5JNkIDbOzS9sb0S7/s1600/saving-money-tips-stacks-of-dollars-cash.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSvjOuzO_nmHRO6fYlfdYqr5lwop6YEl859EpIKfuxPJ_kw9ddQc1JBJyZ9bhyRELMb_MJ_SeQdxlPmLNNxStCfvcWrCmFLDNTMuBGG5HArr10fosGCpjaz9QXEQCZ5JNkIDbOzS9sb0S7/s320/saving-money-tips-stacks-of-dollars-cash.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><span style="color: red;"><b><br />
</b></span></div>sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-70656737775472918242011-12-19T00:05:00.000-08:002011-12-19T00:05:02.297-08:00<div style="position: fixed; bottom: 0px; right: 2px;"><br /><embed pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" width="160" height="600" title="grab this widget @ widgetindex.blogspot" src="https://2713604333882420535-a-1802744773732722657-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/widgetindex11/fireworks.swf" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" quality="high"></embed></div>sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-14778584814860241282011-11-14T20:03:00.000-08:002011-12-16T20:14:42.319-08:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1xMz_sq1gAX_URi28oFx1iE-z9fUxJ1YnW2i9dvBwpWBa2nMKlh6WTvhldEtOppWJDL7fHkxVks2LoKv7vIKuCBQw70zXDxD6z7yzuj9Wfh9dbcoVoD9Fa0LurT04pwpwdYcC7aBXDdNP/s1600/Jakarta_slumlife16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="240" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1xMz_sq1gAX_URi28oFx1iE-z9fUxJ1YnW2i9dvBwpWBa2nMKlh6WTvhldEtOppWJDL7fHkxVks2LoKv7vIKuCBQw70zXDxD6z7yzuj9Wfh9dbcoVoD9Fa0LurT04pwpwdYcC7aBXDdNP/s320/Jakarta_slumlife16.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<br />
-antara kemiskinan di negara sedang membangun.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm677q5ZvMR2tPO0JBxAHPHT-vTcLc5LvkoPFu1rMgb0yzNyrlK1ZOOZc3KogOvSepFT-io_gVelLuO8AkE2fkrWHyiCR79u_vWRwAsIuigPs9i0pAsMEtY6JIngZ9enoSzY-PiEnSrlgn/s1600/48Moskow+-+Kreml+5-07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="214" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm677q5ZvMR2tPO0JBxAHPHT-vTcLc5LvkoPFu1rMgb0yzNyrlK1ZOOZc3KogOvSepFT-io_gVelLuO8AkE2fkrWHyiCR79u_vWRwAsIuigPs9i0pAsMEtY6JIngZ9enoSzY-PiEnSrlgn/s320/48Moskow+-+Kreml+5-07.jpg" /></a></div><br />
-pembangunan ekoran globalisasi<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj1gdIQlPC3DLIj_0E_k2ux0jDxdjWyIiFuSnQKPSQiGu2gvMpMCuxpJIGJee9KTLqhTzb6HYdFjlI85I4N97TCss88u53g8Veh4HbqQQdvgC8DoIOwYHeT_3NAb-i7KwV0VeIVTag3tYX/s1600/400px-HMS_Ark_Royal_USS_Nimitz_Norfolk1_1978.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="258" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj1gdIQlPC3DLIj_0E_k2ux0jDxdjWyIiFuSnQKPSQiGu2gvMpMCuxpJIGJee9KTLqhTzb6HYdFjlI85I4N97TCss88u53g8Veh4HbqQQdvgC8DoIOwYHeT_3NAb-i7KwV0VeIVTag3tYX/s320/400px-HMS_Ark_Royal_USS_Nimitz_Norfolk1_1978.jpeg" /></a></div><br />
-pembangunan yang semakin berteknologi<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqyVxXohiHbRxMUW0pyQlLbOTh1NkeRHvbsIpShDFI9yHbTZjrAYfKaoRKV5cafe_rNQt2jKDjj2nvfYAmaZ4DFHngSj0JrGdMVIKcpGq2dbPm1cDJGS8LyazlX4yH6qpB5Hq5hou4FYbm/s1600/img000185.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em"><img border="0" height="214" width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqyVxXohiHbRxMUW0pyQlLbOTh1NkeRHvbsIpShDFI9yHbTZjrAYfKaoRKV5cafe_rNQt2jKDjj2nvfYAmaZ4DFHngSj0JrGdMVIKcpGq2dbPm1cDJGS8LyazlX4yH6qpB5Hq5hou4FYbm/s320/img000185.jpg" /></a></div><br />
-pertanian yang boleh membawa kepada aktiviti perdagangan di sesebuah negara, sekaili gus dapat menambah pendapatan negara serta inidividu sendirisharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-16921150789051638712011-10-30T07:31:00.000-07:002011-10-30T07:31:02.871-07:00globalisasi dan kemiskinan<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Globalisasi dan kemiskinan yang dikatakan berkait antara satu sama lain. Dimensi yang wujud dalam globalisasi adalah tahap pendapatan yang rendah, kesihatan yang kurang, pendidikan rendah, pemerkasaan serta keadaan kerja. Dimensi-dimensi ini yang boleh membawa kepada kemiskinan namun mengikut komodenan yang telah berlaku selepas perang dunia kedua. Hal ini boleh membantu pembasmian kemiskinan terhadap sesebuah negara yang mana meliputi beberapa aspek iaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">* perdagangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">* kewangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">* bantuan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">* migrasi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*idea / pendapat<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">* perdagangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> - perdagangan adalah pertukaran barangan dan perkhidmatan di negara dunia ekonomi serta penglibatan negara membangun sebagai pengekport dalam negara global meningkat dalam pertengahan 1980-an, walaupun dalam perkhidmatan masih dianggap lemah. Peningkatan perdagangan ini boleh membantu membasmi kemiskinan melalui mewujudkan peluang pekerjaan, persaingan yang meningkat, peningkatan dalam kesihatan dan pendidikan dan pembelajaran dalam teknologi. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">* kewangan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> - Kewangan global dalam bentuk aliran modal yang melibatkan aset atau kewangan secara persendirian atau agensi awam yang dibincangkan adalah melalui empat jenis aliran modal iaitu <b><i>Foreign direct investment (</i>FDI)</b> iaitu pengambilalihan sebahagian daripada syarikat. Manakala, <b><i>Equity portfolio investment</i></b> pula lebih kurang sama dengan FDI yang melibatkan pemilikan saham dan perusahaan asing namun berbeza kerana dilaksanakan atas sebab2 portfolio bukan<span> </span>pengurusan serta tingkahlakunya berbeza. <b><i>Bon Finance</i></b><span> </span>adalah penerbitan hutang yang melibatkan firma serta kerajaan yang menerbitkan bon kepada pelabur asing dan ia membawa risiko.<b><i> Commercial bank lending</i></b> juga bentuk hutang tetapi tidak melibatkan aset. Aliran modal swasta meningkat pada 1990-an tetapi menurun ekoran krisis yang berlaku di Asia pada 1997. Dari sudut membasmi kemiskinan, aliran modal boleh membantu untuk menggerakkannya dan menggunakan simpanan, membagunkan sektor kewangan dan pemindahan teknologi serta ia boleh juga uruskan pelbagai jenis risiko dan salurkan dana selaras dengan prestasi<span> </span>pengurus firma. FDI boleh menyumbang dalam pembasmian kemiskinan apabila disokong dalam penjanaan pekerjaan baru, galakkan persaingan, meningkatkan pendidikan dan latihan pekerja dan pemindahan baru teknologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">* bantuan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span> </span>- Keadaan ini boleh membiayai pelaburan dalam infrastruktur dan perkhidmatan, menambah keupayaan dalam kesihatan dan pendidikan dan menyediakan akses kepada idea-idea dalam polisi.</span><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">* Migrasi</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span> </span>- Penghijrahan manusia yang berlaku iaitu untuk melarikan diri daripada kemiskinan atau berhijrah ke sesebuah tempat yang lebih membangun dan mempunyai pelbagai kemudahan serta taraf pendidikan dan pekerjaan. Penghijrahan ini sedikit sebanyak boleh membantu pembasmian kemiskinan namun, setelah berlaku kegiatan jenayah yang semakin meningkat kuatkuasa terhadap pasport dijalankan bagi mengurangkan<span> </span>migrasi atau penghijrahan ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">*idea<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span> </span>- Idea adalah pengaruh utama dalam pembangunan yang mana harta intelek untuk dipelihara bagi mendapatkan pemikiran yang kreatif dan kritis. Penilaian dan penyesuian memerlukan keupayaan dalam bentuk kemahiran dan pembelajaran yang dapat dijadikan lambing dalam pembasmian kemiskinan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Bauhaus 93"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Secara keseluruhannya, kepentingan dimensi ini adalah untuk mengelakkan daripada berlaku kemiskinan dalam globalisasi tetapi bagi membantu globalisasi ke arah pembangunan sesebuah negara. Sehubungan itu, globalisasi juga dapat membentuk pembangunan yang baik sekiranya diaplikasikan dengan idea yang berkesan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-71042348431566547572011-09-26T09:10:00.001-07:002011-09-26T09:10:53.310-07:00<div style="position: fixed; bottom: 0px; right: 2px;"><br /><embed pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" width="160" height="600" title="grab this widget @ widgetindex.blogspot" src="https://3534036885991089359-a-1802744773732722657-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/widgetindex10/shiningstar2.swf" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" quality="high"></embed></div>sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-569100915458324151.post-68883347433157841582011-09-26T08:47:00.000-07:002011-10-11T20:44:39.426-07:00globalisasi???<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEjtVfipJXJmmB2i_XVG0g3qT1mjQ-mggHKkeibXCoBuqV8Hosfnylp7uK7WS1sxX_WEjIX_KktL9iWoOFxdiPA4i9nxY6JA_isT4ywEp2QHeCGBniXaO_QUKdNc74WST9Rn-g_hy5WsCS/s1600/023675.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEjtVfipJXJmmB2i_XVG0g3qT1mjQ-mggHKkeibXCoBuqV8Hosfnylp7uK7WS1sxX_WEjIX_KktL9iWoOFxdiPA4i9nxY6JA_isT4ywEp2QHeCGBniXaO_QUKdNc74WST9Rn-g_hy5WsCS/s320/023675.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
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Globalisasi mempunyai makna yang universal. Ada yang memandang globalisasi sebagai proses sosial atau proses sejarah yang mana membawa seluruh negara didunia ini terikat antara satu sama lain yang mana menyingkirkan batas-batas geografi, ekonomi dan budaya masyarakat. Hal ini juga boleh diistilahkan sebagai dunia tanpa sempadan. Keadaan ini dapat menyatukan antara masyarakat dalam setiap negara dengan kecanggihan teknologi yang dimiliki pada zaman kini. Namun, dengan berlakunya proses globalisasi maka negara semakin bertambah maju dan moden. Selain itu, kemudahan yang diperolehi dapat membangunkan negara dengan baik serta memberi pelbagai kemudahan kepada masyarakat. Di samping wujud pelbagai kebaikan, tidak dilupakan pada keburukan yang menimpa ekoran globalisasi. Walaubagaimana pun, setiap perkara pasti ada kelamahan atau keburukan.....sharmaizura mohmmad jarihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09663391830625101259noreply@blogger.com1